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Kanji |
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Kanji Level 2 (160
kanji) |
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197 |
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魚 |
sakana |
fish |
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690 |
| 2686 |
さかな |
魚 |
sakana |
fish |
690 |
| 1856 |
きんぎょ |
金魚 |
kingyo |
goldfish |
690 |
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ぎょかい |
魚介 |
gyokaı |
seafood |
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198 |
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鳥 |
tori |
bird |
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| 5342 |
とり |
鳥 |
tori |
bird |
690 |
| 5347 |
とりい |
鳥居 |
torii |
Shinto shrine archway |
690 |
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とりや |
鳥屋 |
toya |
henhouse |
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199 |
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羽 |
hane |
wing, feather |
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| 5952 |
はね |
羽・羽根 |
hane |
wing, feather |
690 |
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はおと |
羽音 |
haoto |
hum, buzz |
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200 |
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鳴 |
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| 5434 |
なく |
泣く、鳴く |
naku |
to bark, to cry |
690 |
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なく |
鳴く |
naku |
(bird's) cry |
690 |
| 5499 |
ならす |
鳴らす |
narasu |
to ring, to sound |
690 |
| 5507 |
なる |
鳴る |
naru |
to sound, to resound |
690 |
kara から
Particle meaning: from, out of, at, through,
since, after, because
When used to mean ''because'' it is the
speaker's opinion that the statement
expressed before kara から is the reason or
cause for the action expressed in the main
clause. That is, the reason or cause may be
subjective or emotional, unlike node ので.
1. After noun expressing point in time when
something begins
夏休みは七月二十日からです。
Natsu yasumi wa shichi gatsu hatsuka kara
desu.
The summer vacation is from July twentieth.
学校は八時半から始まります。
Gakkou wa hachi ji han kara hajimarimasu.
School begins at eight thirty.
(kara から may be replaced with ni に)
あの店は午前十時から午後六時まで開いています。
Ano mise wa gozen juu ji kara gogo roku ji
made aite imasu.
That store is open from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.
昨日から風邪を引いています
Kinou kara kaze o hiite imasu.
I've had a cold since yesterday.
2. After noun expressing place
東京から京都まで新幹線で来ました。
Toukyou kara kyouto made shinkansen de
kimashita.
I came from Tokyo to Kyoto by shinkansen.
彼女は起こって部屋から出て行った。
Kanojo wa okotte heya kara dete itta.
She got angry and went out of the room.
3. After noun expressing
material/ingredients
日本酒は米から作られます。
Nihonshu wa kome kara tsukuraremasu.
Japanese sake is made from rice.
4. After te-form of verb
テレビを見てから勉強します。
Terebi o mite kara benkyou shimasu.
I'll study after watching TV.
ここで休んでから帰ります。
Koko de yasunde kara kaerimasu.
I'll go home after taking a rest here.
日本に来てから六か月になります。
Nihon ni kite kara rokkagetsu ni narimasu.
It is six months since I came to Japan.
(here kara から may be dropped)
5. After dictionary form of verb/Adjective
雨が降るから傘を持って行った方がいい。
Ame ga furu kara kasa o motte itta hou ga
ii.
It's better to take an umbrella with you
because it's going to rain.
私がしますから休んでください。
Watashi ga shimasu kara yasunde kudasai.
I'll do it, so please take a rest.
高いからそれは買いません。
Takai kara sore wa kaimasen.
I don't buy it because it is expensive.
6. After nai-form of verb
誰にも言わないから教えてください。
Dare ni mo iwanai kara oshiete kudasai.
I won't tell anybody so please tell me.
7. After (adjectival) noun + da/desu
明日は休みですからどこかへ遊びに行きましょう。
Asu wa yasumi desu kara doko ka e asobi ni
ikimashou.
Let's go somewhere to have fun since
tomorrow is a holiday.
8. After ta-form of verb/adjective
私は休んだのは風邪をひいたからです。
Watashi wa yasunda no wa kaze o hiita kara
desu.
It is because I caught cold that I was
absent.
行きたくなかったから行きませんでした。
Ikitaku nakatta kara ikimasen deshita.
I didn't go because I didn't want to.
-> See also dakara だから, de で, ikou 以降, irai 以来,
ni に, node ので, to と |
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kata かた 方
Suffix meaning: how to (do), way/method of
(doing)
1. After conjunctive form of verb
カナの書き方を教えてください。
Kana no kakikata o oshiete kudasai.
Please teach me how to write kana.
(the object of the verb kaku ''kana カナ''
must be indicated by no の, since the object
of the main verb oshieru 教える ''kakikata 書き方''
is already indicated by o を)
日本語の勉強の仕方が分かりません。
Nihongo no benkyou no shikata ga wakarimasen.
I don't how to study Japanese.
(shikata 仕方, the conjunctive form of suru する
+ kata 方, is always preceded by noun + no の)
(the dictionary form of verb + houhou 方法
also expresses ''how to [do]''; object of
the verb before houhou方法 must be indicated
by o を)
コンピューターを操作する方法を教えてください。
Konpyuutaa o sousa suru houhou o oshiete
kudasai.
Please teach me how to operate the computer. |
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kawari ni 代わりに かわりに
Phrase meaning: instead of, for, as, in
exchange for, in return (for), to make up
for
1. After noun + no の
彼が私の代わりにその会に出てくれました。
Kare ga watashi no kawari ni sono kai ni
dete kuremashita.
He attended the meeting instead of me.
カメラはメモの代わりになる。
Kamera wa memo no kawari ni naru.
A camera will do for (taking) notes.
2. After dictionary form of verb
英語を教える代わりに日本語を教えてください。
Eigo o oshieru kawari ni nihongo o oshiete
kudasai.
Please teach me Japanese in exchange for
teaching you English.
手伝う代わりにお金を貸してくれませんか。
Tetsudau kawari ni okane o kashite kuremasen
ka.
Will you lend me money in return for my
helping you?
3. After ta た-form of verb
彼はお金を無駄にした代わりに一生懸命働いている。
Kare wa okane o muda ni shita kawari ni
isshoukenmei hataraite iru.
He is working hard to make up for having
wasted money.
4. After nai ない-form of verb
何も食べない代わりにたくさんジュウスを飲んだ。
Nani mo tabenai kawari ni takusan juusu o
nonda.
I didn't eat anything but instead drank a
lot of juice.
5. Used as adverb
代わりにこのペンダントをあげます。
Kawari ni kono pendanto o agemasu.
I will give you this pendant in return. |
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keredomo けれども
Conjunction meaning: though, although, but,
however, and, I wish.
The final mo is often dropped in more
informal speech.
1. At the beginning of sentence
私は彼に来るように何度も頼んだ。けれども来なかった。
Watashi wa kare ni kuru you ni nando mo
tanonda. Keredomo konakatta.
I repeatedly asked him to come. But he
didn't.
2. At the end of sentence
今ちょっと忙しいんですけれども。
Ima chotto isogashii n desu keredomo.
I'm a little busy right now (so I can't help
you).
3. After dictionary form of verb/adjective
太郎とはよく話すけれどもとてもいい人です。
Taro to wa yoku hanasu keredomo totemo ii
hito desu.
I often talk with Taro, and I think he is a
nice person.
4. After tai-form of verb
旅行に行きたいけれどもひまがありません。
Ryokou ni ikitai keredomo hima ga arimasen.
Though I want to go on a trip, I have no
time.
5. After ta-form of verb/adjective
その店に行ったけれども閉まっていました。
Sono mise ni itta keredomo shimatte imashita.
I went to that store, but it was closed.
そんなものは欲しくなかったけれども買ってしまいました。
Sonna mono wa hoshiku nakatta keredomo katte
shimaimashita.
Though I didn't want such a thing, I bought
it in spite of myself.
6. After nai-form of verb
彼はあまり勉強しないけれども成績がいい。
Kare wa amari benkyou shinai keredomo
seiseki ga ii.
He doesn't study hard, but he gets good
marks.
7. After (adjectival) noun + da/desu
彼は真面目だけれども面白くありません。
Kare wa majime da keredomo omoshiroku
arimasen.
He is earnest, but not interesting.
-> See also: daga, dakedo, ga (2), no ni |
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