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Lección Ciento doce (112)

  REVISION AND NOTES
 

1 The interrogatives : to ¿qué? (qué libro) and ¿cuál?, that we have already seen, let us add :

¿Quién?
(plur. quiénes) : who? and : ¿de quién?, of whom; ¿con quién? with whom?; ¿para quién? for whom? etc. (persons),

¿Qué? : what..?; ¿con qué? with what? ,
¿de qué?, of what? etc... {things).

But let us recall that Spanish puts the preposition a before persons when direct objects :
He visto a tu padre, I have seen your father.
Likewise, in a question :
¿A quién has visto?¿A quién acompañas?

 

2 The relatives.
— if they are immediately after their antecedent, that, who, whom and which are translated both by que.

The people who were with me : Las personas que estaban conmigo.
The women whom you see there : Esas mujeres, que ves ahí.
The linen which I wear : La ropa que llevo.
An overcoat which becomes me well : Un gabán que me sienta bien.

But if the relative pronouns are preceded by a preposition (a, de, en, por, para, con), we shall say quien, quienes, when referring to persons, and que to things.
The friends with whom I was walking : Los amigos con quienes me paseaba.
That gentleman of whom I speak to you : Ese señor de quién te hablo.
The pen with which you write: La pluma con que escribes.

 

3 Whose and cuyo both express a relation of possession or dependence between two nouns :
A house whose roof was falling in : Una casa cuyo tejado se caía.
That novelist whose works you admire : Ese novelista cuyas obras admiras.
Contrary to English, cuyo agrees with the noun it precedes.
This relative is mostly used in colloquial language.

 

4 The future translated by the present subjunctive.
— We have come across this particularity several times, but before explaining it, we have waited until we possessed a sufficient number of examples to be able, by comparing them, to establish a rule.
Then let us read these examples again :
Lo que usted, quiera, hombre : what you [will] like, friend (Less. 89).
(Tendrás bastante juicio) cuando se te pase esta manía de querer casarte : (You will have enough judgment) when this mania of wanting to marry will leave you. (less. 90)
Cuando haya salmón fresco, me avisará, ¿verdad? When there "will be" fresh salmon, you will warn me, would you? (less. 94, exercise).
Como guste: as you [will] like. (less. 95, ex.).
Cuando vengas, tendrás una prueba de la sirena, when you (will) come, you will have a print of the siren (less. 109 ex.).

In those sentences where the idea of the future is rendered by the subjunctive, we can remark :
1° that this future is preceded by a conjunction (cuando, como), or by a relative (que).
2° that it considers a fact in a hypothetical manner, and before expressing a conclusion which is itself rendered by the future :
tendrás juicio, usted me avisará, tendrás una prueba.

 

5 The conditional sentence.
— When expressing a condition or supposition, Spanish, instead of the preterite indicative
(if you knew, if I was rich, if he arrived) , uses one of the forms which we have seen recently (less. 109, note 4; lesson 110, note 9) of the imperfect subjunctive :
si usted hablase más claro, if you spoke more clearly.
Si te levantases (or : te levantaras) primero; if you got up earlier.
Si yo no comiera tanto (or : no comiese) : if I did not eat so much.
Si salieras todas las noches, if you went out every night, etc.

As in English, the conclusion of these sentences is in the conditional :
le entendería mejor, I should understand you better;
llegarías a tiempo, you would arrive in time;
digeriría mejor, I should digest better;
te reñiría tu mujer: your wife would scold you;
si todos supiéramos hablar dos o tres lenguas extranjeras, borraríamos otras tantas fronteras... if we all knew (how) to speak two or three foreign languages, we should efface as many frontiers.

 

6 El invierno.
— Es la estación más triste del año.
El cielo está casi continuamente nublado;
las veces que está despejado, sucede que hiela y los patinadores acuden a los estanques helados para entregarse a su deporte favorito.
Pero son más frecuentes los días de lluvia y de niebla.
Otras veces nieva;
los copos blancos revolotean en el aire como mariposas y se alegran los niños con la esperanza de batallas con bolas de nieve.
Los caminos y carreteras se ponen intransitables con la nieve o el barro.
Hay que quedarse en casa.
Pero ¡qué bien se está al amor de la lumbre, jugando a los naipes, a las damas, al dominó, o al ajedrez, mientras silba el cierzo frío por la chimenea!

 

Winter.
— It is the most mournful season of the year.
The sky is almost continually cloudy;
when [the times that] it is clear, it happens that it freezes and the skaters run up to the frozen ponds to practice their favourite sport.
But. the days of rain and of fog are more frequent.
(At) other times it snows;
the white flakes fly in the air like butterflies and the children rejoice with the hope of battles with [the] snow-balls [b. of s.];
the ways and roads become impracticable with the snow or the mud.
You must stay at home.
But how well one is beside the fire [at the love of the flame], playing [at the] cards, draughts, dominoes or chess, while the cold wind hisses in the chimney.

 

Helar : to freeze;
hiela : it freezes;
el hielo : the ice;
un helado : an ice-cream;
una luna : a looking-glass ;
un armario de luna : a wardrobe with a mirror.


 

PRINCIPALES NACIONES DEL MUNDO
Europa (un Europeo, a European):
España, Francia; Suiza (un Suizo),
Bélgica (un Belga), Italia (un Italiano),
Portugal (un Portugués), Inglaterra (un Inglés) ,
Alemania (un Alemán), Holanda (un Holandés),
Austria (un Austríaco), Hungría (un Húngaro),
Turquía (un Turco), Grecia (un Griego),
Bulgaria (un Búlgaro) , Rumania (un Rumano),
Checoeslovaquia
(= Checoslovaquia) (un Checoeslovaco),
Yugoeslavia (un Yugoeslavo), Rusia (un Ruso),
Suecia (un Sueco), Noruega (un Noruego),
Dinamarca (un Dinamarqués).

Asia (un Asiático) :
el Japón (un Japonés), China (un Chino) ;
la India (un Indio) , Persia (un Persa), Arabia ¡(un Árabe).

África (un Africano) :
Egipto (un Egipcio), Argelia (un Argelino), Marruecos (un Marroquí), Túnez (un Tunecino).

América (un Americano) :
el Canadá (un Canadiense) , los Estados Unidos (un Yanqui),
Méjico (un Mejicano), isla de Cuba (un Cubano),
Argentina (un Argentino), Brasil (un Brasileño), Chile (un Chileño, Chileno).

  ESPAÑA
Regiones:
Cataluña (un Catalán), Aragón (un Aragonés),
Navarra (un Navarro), las Provincias Vascongadas (un Vascongado),
Asturias (un Asturiano), Galicia (un Gallego), León (un Leonés),
Extremadura (un Extremeño) , Castilla (un Castellano),
Valencia (un Valenciano), Andalucía (un Andaluz),
las islas Baleares, las islas Canarias.
 

POBLACIONES:
Madrid (un Madrileño), Barcelona (un Barcelonés),
Valencia, Sevilla (un Sevillano), Málaga (un Malagueño),
Zaragoza (un Zaragozano), Murcia (un Murciano),
Bilbao (un Bilbaíno), Granada (un Granadino),
Cartagena (un Cartagenero), Valladolid (un Vallisoletano),
Córdoba (un Cordobés), Palma de Mallorca (un Mallorquino),
San Sebastián (un Donostiarra) , Cádiz (un Gaditano),
Oviedo (un Ovetense), la Coruña (un Coruñés),
Jeréz (un Jerezano), Almería (un Alménense),
Burgos (un Burgalés), Salamanca (un Salmantino) ,
Toledo (un Toledano), etc.

   
  You have reached the last lesson, and yet your work is not at an end.
Now you have to read over to the last one the previous lessons.
It is a " second wave " winch confirms and strengthens your knowledge.

At the same time, you must peruse the " grammatical Appendix " that follows, and will help to perfect your acquirements.

Read Spanish books and newspapers, that you will easily find at booksellers';
you will require a dictionary for the vocabulary is extremely rich and is assimilated only in the long run.

" THE PRACTICE OF SPANISH "
We are preparing for you under this title a second volume which will be the sequel of the present lessons.
It will consist in twin texts (Spanish and English opposite), chosen with as much variety as possible, accompanied by notes and exercises on idioms and grammar.
It will allow yon to enlarge your vocabulary and your knowledge of the Spanish language in the most pleasant way, without needing to look up the words in a dictionary.
We feel convinced that you will derive the greatest profit from it.

A 534 page volume, abundantly illustrated, as carefully produced as
" SPANISH WITHOUT TOIL "