Japanese Grammar - Грамматика Японский - I

(2023) ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ЯЗЫКОВ | ЯЗЫКИ ВОСТОКА | ЯПОНСКИЙ III/382

Languages Study | Languages of the East | Japanese III

Grammar I - 08.01

Short Forms

"Short form", also called "plain form" or "informal form".

Short forms are used to quote someone else, in casual conversations (as signs of intimacy), and in making negative requests.

Verbs and い-adjectives in the affirmative - same as their dictionary forms

な-adjectives and noun + です in the affirmative - replace (formal) です - desu with (informal) だ - da

い-adjectives and な-adjectives and noun + ですin the negative - replace (formal) ありません - arimasen with (informal) ない - nai

Short form, informal form	Long form, standard polite form
よむ	よみます	to read
かわいい	かわいい　です	sweet, pretty
しずかな	しずか　です	calm, peaceful
がくせい　だ	がくせい　です	student

よまない	よみません	do not read
かわいくない	かわいく　ありません	not sweet, not pretty
しずか　じゃ　ない	しずか　じゃ　ありません	not calm
がくせい　じゃ　ない	がくせい　じゃ　ありません	not a student

	Plain (informal) form, negative plain form
	Adjective ii (good, well) in irregular
いい	good, well
よくない	not good

	ru-verbs: Take the final る - ru off and add ない - nai
食べる	to eat
taberu
食べない	do not eat
tabenai

	u-verbs: Take the final -u off and add -anai
書く	to write
kaku
書かない	do not write
kakanai

話す	to speak
hanasu
話さない	do not speak
hanasanai

待つ	to wait
matsu
待たない	do not wait
matanai

死ぬ	to die
shinu
死なない	do not die
shinanai

よむ	to read
yomu
よまない	do not read
yomanai

作る	to make
tsukuru
作らない	do not make
tsukuranai

泳ぐ	to swim
oyogu
泳がない	do not swim
oyoganai

呼ぶ	to call, to invite
yobu
呼ばない	do not call / invite
yobanai

買う	to buy, to purchase
kai
買わない	do not buy
kawanai

	Irregular verbs:
する -> しない	to do - do not do
くる -> こない	to come/arrive - do not come/arrive

	Exception:
ある -> ない	to be at - not to be at
	There are some points worth noting with negative short forms: 1. The negative short forms of verbs that end with the hiragana う are ...わない instead of ...あない 2. The vowel changes with the irregular verb くる 3. The verb ある in the negative is ない