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Nouns are generally followed by particles in Japanese.
These particles
indicate the nouns relationship to the verb. |
|
で |
The particle で indicates where the even described by
the verb takes place. |
| de |
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|
としょかん で ほん を よみます。 |
I (will) read book in the library. |
|
toshokan de hon o yomimasu. |
|
| うち で テレビ を みます。 |
I (will) watch TV at home. |
| uchi de terebi o mimasu. |
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に |
The particle に indicates two things:
1) the goal
toward
which things move,
and 2) the time at which an event takes place. |
| ni |
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| 1) |
1) goal of movement |
| わたし は うち に
かえります。 |
I
will return home. |
|
watashi wa uchi ni kaerimasu. |
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わたし は きょう がっこう に いきません。 |
I will not go to school today. |
|
watashi wa kyoo gakko ni ikimasen. |
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2)
|
2) time |
|
にちようび に きょうと に いきます。 |
I will go to Kyoto on Sunday. |
|
nichiyoobi ni kyooto ni ikimasu. |
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|
じゅう いち じ に ねます。 |
I
will go to bed at eleven. |
| juu-ichi ji ni nemasu. |
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Approximate time references can be made by substituting
goro or goro-ni for ni. |
じゅう いち じ ごろ ねます。
じゅう いち じ ごろ に ねます。 |
I
will go to bed at about eleven. |
|
juu-ichi ji goro nemasu.
juu-ichi ji goro ni nemasu. |
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へ |
The particle へ also indicates the goal of a movement.
It is pronounced "e." |
|
he, [e] |
|
| わたし は うち へ
かえります。 |
I
will return home. |
|
watashi wa uchi e kaerimasu. |
|
|
わたし は きょう がっこう へ いきません。 |
I will not go to school today. |
| watashi wa kyoo gakko e ikimasen. |
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Note that he [e] may replace the
particle ni only in the goal-of-movement
sense.
The particle ni for the time references an other uses
cannot be so replaced. |
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を |
The particle を indicates direct objects
-
the kind of things that are directly involved in, or
affected by the event..
It is pronounced
"o". |
| wo [o] |
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コーヒー を
のみます。
|
I
drink coffee. |
|
koohii o nomimasu. |
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| テープ を ききます。
|
I
listen to tapes. |
|
teepu o kikimasu. |
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| テレビ を みます。 |
I watch TV. |
| terebi o mimasu. |
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