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You can use the te-form of a verb + the helping verb
ある - aru
to characterize a situation that
has been brought about
on purpose by somebody who remains unnamed in the
sentence. |
| 寒いので、ストーブがつけてあります。 |
The heater is on, because it is cold.
= The heater was turned on and has been kept that way. |
|
samui no de, sutoobu-ga tsukete arimasu. |
|
| テーブルの上に本が置いてあります。 |
A book is on the table.
= The book was put on the table and it has remained there
ever since. |
|
teeburu-no ue-ni hon-ga oite arimasu. |
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You can say ～てあります -
~te arimasu if somebody,
possibly yourself, preformed an action on purpose earlier
which can be described in term of ～ておきました -
~te
okimashita (do something by way of preparation see Lesson
15)
and if the result of that action can still be observed at
this moment.
Note that ～てあります describes a current state, hence the
present tense. |
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| レストランの予約がしてあります。 |
A restaurant reservation has been made. |
|
resutoran-no yoyaku-ga shite arimasu. |
is the result of |
| 予約がしておきました |
(I) made a reservation in advance. |
| yoyaku-o shite okimashita. |
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| パンが買ってあります。 |
Bread has been bought (and is ready). |
|
pan-ga katte arimasu. |
is the result of |
| パンを買っておきました。 |
(I) bought bread (for future use). |
|
pan-o katte okimashita. |
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As you can see from the above examples, te aru normally assigns the particle
ga (or ha
[wa] ) to the noun,
which is usually marked with wo [o].
te aru almost exclusively goes with a transitive
verb. |
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Compare also te aru sentences with *Cv^§
sentences that describe current states.
te iru goes with intransitive verbs, in contrast with
te aru. |
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|
窓が閉めてあります。
閉める |
The window has been kept closed.
- transitive |
mado-ga shimete arimasu.
shimeru |
|
窓が閉まっています。
閉まる |
The window is closed.
- intransitive |
mado-ga shimatte imasu.
shimaru |
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Both of these sentences describe the same
situation: the window is closed.
The two sentences, however, differ in their connotations.
With the transitive te aru sentence, the current
state of the window is the result of a human action;
somebody closed it and kept it that way.
With the intransitive
te iru sentence, there is no
such clear implication of human intervention.
The window is closed, but this may or may not be the result
of somebody closing it. |