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Russian
Русский |
English
Английский |
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58 - пятьдесят
восемь |
fifty eight |
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59 - пятьдесят
девять |
fifty nine |
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60 - шестьдесят |
sixty |
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61 - шестьдесят
один |
sixty one |
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Двадцать первый (21-й) урок |
Twenty first lesson |
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УРОК НОМЕР ДВАДЦАТЬ ОДИН (№21) |
Lesson number twenty one (#21) |
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REVISION AND NOTES |
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| 1 |
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There are three genders in Russian : masculine, feminine
and neuter.
To name living creatures, the masculine s used for males, the feminine
for females.
But, for inanimate objects or abstract nouns there is no mechanical
rule.
However it is very easy to know the genders of nouns thanks to their
endings. |
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1.1 |
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Masculine. — When a noun ends by a consonant, it is
masculine.
Thus : |
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город |
town, city |
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стол |
table |
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урок |
lesson |
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самовар |
samovar |
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билет |
ticket |
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театр |
theatre |
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барабан |
drum |
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раз |
(one) time, an occurrence |
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диплом |
diploma |
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язык |
language, tongue |
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друг |
friend |
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ресторан |
restaurant |
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хлеб |
bread |
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сыр |
cheese |
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снег |
snow |
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мороз |
frost (extreme coldness) |
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подарок |
gift (a present) |
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are masculine |
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But there are also masculine nouns in
й and
ь. |
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Thus : |
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портной |
tailor |
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лентяй |
a do-nothing, an idler, "a lazy one" |
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день |
day |
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госпиталь |
hospital |
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| 1.2 |
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Feminine : the ending
а or
я (save for a few exceptions) denotes
the feminine.
Thus : |
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работа |
work |
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деревня |
country (countryside) or village |
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комната |
a room; bedroom = спальня,
спальная комната |
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игрушка |
toy |
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труппа |
theater troop; company =
компания |
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зима |
winter |
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голова |
head |
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газета |
newspaper |
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лестница |
staircase |
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When a noun in а
is not feminine, it is because its meaning makes it impossible.
E.g., |
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папа |
daddy |
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is naturally masculine. |
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There are also feminines in
ь, like |
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мать (мама) |
mother |
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| 1.3 |
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Neuter. — The neuter is characterized by the final
о,
е, and
sometimes мя.
Thus : |
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слово |
word |
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письмо |
letter (to some one); a letter of an alphabet is
буква |
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место |
place |
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пальто |
overcoat |
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вино |
wine |
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упражнение |
exercise |
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произношение |
pronunciation |
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время |
time (on clock) |
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| 1.4 |
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In short :
masculine : consonant,
й or
ь.
feminine :
а or
я or
ь.
neuter :
о or
е or
мя. |
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| 2 |
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The adjective agrees with the noun : |
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Вот красивый самовар |
here is a beautiful samovar. |
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Вот красивая комната |
here is a beautiful room bedroom. |
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Вот красивое слово |
here is a beautiful word. |
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There is also a short form of the adjective : |
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Этот самовар красив |
this samovar is beautiful.
AK-NOTE : Real meaning is "this samovar is in a state of
beautifulness". |
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Эта комната красива |
this room bedroom is beautiful. |
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Это слово красиво |
this word is beautiful. |
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However the short form is used less and less in the current language. |
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AK-NOTE : See lesson 20, note 6, AK-NOTE about adjectives
as adverbs. |
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| 3 |
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Declensions : we have only had a glimpse of the
declension of nouns.
In the masculine, we have seen that the dative is in
у : |
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Ваш ребёнок |
your (pl.) child (nominative) |
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Вашему ребёнку |
to or for your child (dative) (the
о of the last
syllable is left out). |
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We should have in the same way : |
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Ваш муж |
your (pl.) husband. |
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Вашему мужу |
to or for your husband. |
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Мой обед |
my dinner. |
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Моему обеду |
to or for my dinner. |
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Наш друг |
our friend. |
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Нашему другу |
to or for our friend. |
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In the feminine, it was the genitive we came across : |
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Жажда |
thirst. |
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Без жажды |
without thirst. |
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Без |
without |
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, is always followed by the genitive, as if one said :
without of thirst. |
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Also in the plural : |
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Игрушка |
toy. |
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Игрушки |
toys. |
